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LEONARDO DA VINCI IN SEVILLE
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ONECO with Leonardo de Vinci-

ONECO has already more than 10 years experiences in receiving and sending Leonardo da Vinci groups since 1997.

Our incoming team is specialised in coordinating hundreds of students from nearly all European countries with great educational and training results.

Starting dates of our programme.- Every Monday of the year.


Spanish language Course.-

· 6 different levels, 20 lessons/week
· 4 lessons daily -  Small groups: max. 8 students
· Students are placed in different classes according to their level
· Teaching levels according to the European Reference Frame
· Special Department (DAC) to organize Cultural and Leisure 
  Activities for the students.
· All teachers are native speakers
· Videos, tapes and discussions

The fields of this course will depend on the language level, but basically it includes:

- Grammar,
- Oral and written exercises,
- Improving vocabulary
- Compositions
- Conversation - discussions about Spanish speaking countries
- Introduction to Spanish & Latin culture, history and literature
- Comments on newspapers
- Spanish music and folklore
- Preparing participants in their sectors, before their placement.
- Special extra teaching support for students with learning difficulties.

Assesment: Participants' progress is continuously assessed through homework, assignments and final examination. Class attendance is obligatory. A Diploma is awarded certifying the type of programme; amount of hours studied and completed level of proficiency at the successful completion of the programme.

Cultural and leisure activities are organised every day of the week.-

Talks, discussions on Spanish music, art, literature, tours of the sights of Seville, language exchanges, parties are all part of this program.

The school also organises a number of activities, which will help the student to get to know and understand everyday life in the Spanish culture. These activities are not included in the costs of the program and consist of:

Excursions: Visits to other cities such as Granada, Cordoba, Cadiz, Malaga, Huelva... these are usually organised during weekends and according to the preferences of the students.

Flamenco: There is the possibility of learning Flamenco dance, and seeing live Flamenco dance and singing in a variety of places.

Food: A short course which will enable the student to prepare and enjoy the food of our region.

http//: www.sevillaonline.com

Apartment shared with other foreign students or natives.-

We try that all places are in central Seville which will allow the students to walk to school from their place of accommodation.

Stays with Spanish families.-

Where the student is considered part of the family, sharing bathroom and living room with the hosts. The selected families live near the school, so the students will be able to reach the school on foot or by bus.

The maximum time from the school to the family will be around 20 minutes walking or around 15 minutes by bus. The price includes laundry once a week.

(Full Board - after agreement with the sending organisation)

In cooperation with ...
...among others.

Selection of Companies and Institutions ONECO works´ in Seville.-

Artesanos de Gelves "della Robbia" , Cerámicas "Pisano”, Cerámicas “Fernando Jiménez, Taller de Imaginería “Francisco Fariñas”, Escuela Taller Plaza de España, Teión ( Scenography ), Teatro Alameda, Compañía Teatral Ruedos, MP Medioambiente, Isotrol, Biomedal, Broker Ideas de Publicidad, El Giraldillo, CIA Fenicia, El Giraldillo, Savitel, LZ Producciones, Caligary Films, DYP, Ecologistas en Acción, La Ortiga, Crops, ADENA, SEO, Comisón Española de Ayuda al Refugiado, ACNUR, Solidaridad Internacional, Formación y Estrategia, Montaner y Asociados, .....

Professional Sectors offered by ONECO.-

Marketing, Management, Law, Tourism, Journalism, Philology, Architecture, Design, Environment, Agriculture, Medicine, Veterinary, Sociology, Company Organization, Informatics Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Agronomic and Mountain Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Publicity, Nursery, History, Natural Parks, Mechanics, Pedagogy, Biology, Geology, Musicology, Art, Pharmacy, Geography, Social Education, Restoration, Theatre.

The Professional Internship Experience Programme.-

ONECO will interview all participants and introduce them to their future internship company.

During the Internship placement, the tutor will visit the participants in the companies and help them with problems as well as to write a report.

At the end of the programme a final report will be made using the information from the Course results, the tutor as well as from the company.

Certificate of the company.- At the end of the stay you will receive a personalized certificate of the company where it will be specified your competences and evaluated your work and the realized duties.

Please note that the internship position offered is likely to be influenced by the applicants´ level of Spanish (depending on the score of a language test), as well as previous professional experience and academic education!!!!!

Technical Visit Programme.-

We receive groups in order to offer them the possibility to visit companies and institutional organisations for study visits in any sector together with a language course, tutoring, translation, transportation, accommodation, cultural activities, certificates etc..

2009 Leonardo da Vinci Budget.-

Language Course 20 Lessons (week)                            130 €
· Accommodation / shared apartments (week)                 90 €
· Accommodation / full board in families (week)              140 €
· Food allowance (month)/ to be decided by partner   
· Local transport (month)                                                35
· Transfer services                                                         45 €
· Transfer with return / per person                                    75 €
· Insurance – Liability                                                     60 €
· Cultural program (4 Activities)                                       75 €
· Placements follow up, Administration, Tutoring             450 €

We create programmes upon request and we can make a personal programme according to your necessities !!

Price includes, the above selected options with 24 hours supervision, certificate, evaluations, meetings...


The program offers full board (breakfast, lunch and dinner). Food allowance will be given to the participants for the respective meals if not offered by the family or the employer. You can choose to live with a family. (after agreement with the sending organisation)

A monthly public transport card will be given to the participant when needed to reach the school or work place. In addition transportation from the airport / train Station to the school and back is covered by the program for each participant. (after agreement with the sending organisation)

For EU participants: ( European Healthcare Card or private insurance) Internship participants needs from ONECO, the Liability-Insurance

Pick-up from the bus, train station or airport, to your accommodation is provided if selected. Details of your arrival such as the date, time and place are required at least 10 days before your arrival.

After the course and internship each participant will get a detailed description and evaluation regarding the content and success of the course and traineeship from his/her teacher and company.



·

Year Programme or Iniciative Project Title
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility SCHUPRAX 08
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EU-CAMBIO II
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility PREMIS
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Alternative Tourism
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Allena-Menti
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility HUME
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility DEMOS
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility MELT
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility NUOVA EUROTEC
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility MUSA
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility AR.CU.S.
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility TOUR.I.T
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility SISTEM.A.
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility P.E.V.
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility CEMES
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Developing of entrepreneurship skills by creating networks of social partnership and international
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Integration of social exclusion groups into labour market by promoting employer's active
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility From Craft to Industry
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility FORINNOVATION
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Floral harmony through environmental design
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility New Orientation and Conciliation Career Strategies
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EU TRAINING II
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility BERT
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility NOVELU
2008 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Trans-European Lifetime Learning 2007 - 2008
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Le Travail en Réseu, un atout pour le développement du bien être des populations européenes
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility TRANSPLACE
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EURODOM INSERTION
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility SEDULITY
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EURLAB
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ICTA II
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility SVANP IV
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility T.O.R.T.U.G.A
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility FOTUG
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility MEDEA
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility HUME
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ARCHE
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility DEMOS
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility MAECENAS
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Entrepreneurial Opportunities of the Rural Areas
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility AGRI - TECH - Agriculture Technology
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ELECTRIC ARC WELDING APPLICATION THAT ARE USED IN NATURAL GAS PIPE SYSTEMS
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EU TRAINING
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility T.E.T.I 2006/07
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility South East Consortium Bid - Training Bridge
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ALCHEMY
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EU TRAINING II
2007 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EU CAMBIO
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility JUPRAX 05
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Vers une identificacion des specifités culturelles pour la promotion de la santé en Europe
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Professional competence for development of small and average scale business in food industry
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility European Dimensions for Practical Hours in Business Admisitration
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Bridge
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Motiv
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Donner un profil Européen à votre CV pour une insertion vers l´emploi
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Eurodom Competences
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Entreprendre en europe pour l'acquisition d'un euro savoir faire
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Development of Communicational and Professional Skills of Hungarian Students in EU Business
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Extra Limina
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility CRESO
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ICTA
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility E.C.CO.- European Competences in Cooperation
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Image and Imagination
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility S.T.A.G.E.
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility THESEUS
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Competenze e proffesionalitá per le nuove forme de turismo II
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility PEGASO " Formazione iniziale per giovani socialmente svantaggiati"
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Akragas
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EURLAB
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility MO.S.E.
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility MOTIV
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ICTA II
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ECSNOVI
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Non Profit.
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Alternative Tourism.
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility International improvement of practical skill for future tourism administration specialists seeking better employment opportunities.
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Way to Prepare Frutti di Mare in Mediterranean Region.
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EUROFOCUS II.
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Study of Educational Practical Methods in Electric Atelier.
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EU Training.
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Wales to Europe Training Bridge 2005-2006.
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Spin Extra.
2006 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility South East Consortium Bid-Training Bridge.
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - DG EAC/92/04 Local Sustainable Development: New Tools from a European perspective
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - B Pilot Project MARENOSTRUM
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - B Pilot Project Internet based on new forms and products for VET, LLL and competences assessment in marine and port fields
2005 Youth - Action 5 SUDINSERTION
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - B Pilot Project COUNSELLING: Certified Professionals and Processes
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility GLOBAL TRAINING II
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility TRAINYNET
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ANTARES II
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ÍCARO III
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility FORMACIÓN COMUNITARIA II
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility MAIMONIDES
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility TGG III
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility STAGE
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EUROPAFORMA
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ADEQUAL
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility MEDIO 21 II
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility CRONOS PLUS
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility GUADALSUR II
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Competencies, abilities, knowledge which are necessary for a future highschool graduate in the field of architecture, building and construction, in order to have a faster insertion on the labour market
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility New development of CAD/ CAM training and Automation
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ECO TRAINING
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility ALTERNATIVE TOURISM
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Personal Development Plans during International Training Periods- PerDelTrain
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Skills and Employability Improvement of Recent Graduates who will work in the Counselling Field
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EUROTRADE
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Latest Developments in Metal Manufacturing Field
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility T.E.C.- Train European Cooperators
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility UE-Government Exchange of Experiences
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility EUROTRAINING
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Cultural shock or enrichment? Comparative analysis of the same profession in European Countries
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility SVANP II
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Spin Plus-Skills Partnership Innovative Network
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility SCHUPRAX05
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Development of Comunicational and Professional Skills of Hungarian Students in Business Environment of EU Member States
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility MOVART
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility TIME II
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Associazione Giovani Europei
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Improving Knowledge and Skills of Turkish Dental Postgraduate Students
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Skills and Competencies for New Tourisms
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility From Tasucu to Spain LdV Mobility Placement Project with ONECO
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility STAR
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Entreprende en Europe pour l'Acquisition d'un noveau Savoir Faire
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility PREMIS
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility From Silifke to Spain LdV Mobility placement Project with ONECO
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Transnationale Dimensionen für Touristikfachleute, Step II
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility European Challenge for the HR Managers
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Developing of entrepreneurial Skills within the framework of the LdV Programme
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility Usage of simulation in the adaptation of vocational Education to Industry in the Electricity Sector
2005 Leonardo da Vinci - A Mobility From Silifke to an European Country

Area: 14037 (sevilla province) sq km
Population: 700,000
Country: Spain
Time Zone: GMT/UTC +1
Telephone Area Code: 95
Currency: Euro

Seville certainly is one of the most beloved places by visitors to Spain. Although today Moorish influence is architectonically most evident - Andalusia was occupied by Moors for about 800 years - it has been a cultural centre long before.

Fiestas and folklore: If you would like to discover the popular customs of this region, you should visit Seville in springtime, when within only two weeks take place the two most important festivities of this city: Semana Santa, Easter Week, with its world-famous processions, and Feria de Sevilla, the Flamenco-event in the land.

Night life: It is said that the inhabitants of Seville are "living in the street", which means that a typical Sevillano never enters his flat if not either for eating or for sleeping.

Gastronomy: Seville's typical dishes mostly are relatively simple to prepare, but extraordinarily tasty. Those are some of the best known:
Gazpacho, the famous cold "soup; Pescaito frito, fish turned around in flour and fried in olive-oil; Huevos a la Flamenca, a fried egg in a sauce of tomato and Chorizo (a spicy typically Spanish sausage); Cocido Andaluz,; Rabo de Toro, a ragout of bull's tail.

The numberless bars of this city use to offer so-called Tapas, "mini-dishes" for the small hunger.

Shopping in Seville: Shopping in Seville is an enjoyable pastime, particularly when it is approached in a typical Spanish style. In Seville, shopping fits with the climate and an afternoon siesta is never hurried. Shopping in the streets of Seville is often treated as a leisure activity, with several coffee breaks and possibly afternoon tea in one of the many nearby cafés and bars.

Barrio Santa Cruz
This romantic part of town, formerly the district of Moors and Jews, is located right in the historical center of Seville. You may have a walk through the narrow shady lanes, inbetween beautiful buildings with courtyards plenty of flowers, and visit some of the town's major monuments:

The impressive cathedral with its tower, Giralda Seville's landmark. The king's palace Alcazar in it´s typical Moorish style, surrounded by high walls.

More monuments worth visiting in this district are the churches Hospicio de los Venerables and Iglesia de Santa Maria la Blanca. Just to its right there are the Hospital de la Caridad and the church Iglesia de la Caridad.

Park of Maria Luisa
This great park is named after Infanta Maria Luisa, who presented to the town half of the gardens of her Palace of San Telmo in 1893. In 1929 took place here an Ibero-American Exposition, and many interesting buildings were constructed.Specially remarkable are the works of architect Hannibal Gonzalez, his great Plaza de España, Pabellón Mudejar Pabellón Real and the Archaeological Museum, as well as many smaller buildings of latin-american style.

Along the River
Real Fábrica de Tabacos, the old tobacco factory (the most prominent worker of which was Carmen, the opera-figure), being today Seville's university.The Torre de Oro, a Moorish tower located at the river, is another landmark of the city. Face to face to it there is the bullring, Plaza de Toros de la Real Maestranza.Crossing the river at the Bridge of Triana, you enter one of the most typical and traditional quarters of Seville, the Barrio de Triana.

Other buildings which were made for the EXPO '92 are the Maestranza Theater, face to face to the bullring, the Cartuja Auditorium and the Congress Palace with its huge golden cupola.

Isla de la Cartuja
The "Cartuja Island" was the exhibition ground of the EXPO, today you find here large gardens and an artificial lake. Many of the pavilions are still in use, and there are numerous performances here, such as concerts theaters, etc.

The ancient Hispalis, Seville was important in Phoenician times. It was favored by the Romans, who made it a judicial center of Baetica prov. and who built the nearby city of Italica (where the emperors Trajan and Hadrian were born), of which some ruins remain.

Seville continued as the chief city of Spain under the Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 6th cent. Seville was a center of learning. Falling to the Moors in 712, it was (c.1023–1091) the seat of an independent emirate under the Abbadids and a flourishing commercial and cultural center under the Almoravids and the Almohads. In 1248, Ferdinand III of Castile conquered it after a long siege and made it his residence. It is said that 300,000 Moors, the majority of its population, left Seville at that time.

With the discovery of the New World, Seville entered its greatest period of prosperity. It was the chief port of trade with the new colonies. In addition to its economic prosperity, it was the seat of a flourishing school of painting to which Velázquez, Murillo (both natives), and Pacheco belonged. In 1718, Seville was superseded as a port by Cádiz.

Its economic recovery from the subsequent decline is only recent. In 1810 the French sacked the city. Seville was held by the Nationalists throughout the civil war (1936–39). The 1992 World Exposition was held at Seville.

Please ask ONECO for the best travelling details. We can provide with the best prices in the market.

Spain is located at the Iberian Península, of which it occupies approximately 80% (the remaining 20% are occupied by Portugal), in the southwest of Europe.

In the north Spain borders on France and Andorra, with the Pyrenees as a natural frontier. Additionally the Balearic Islands (Mallorca, Menorca and Ibiza) in the Mediterranean Sea, Canary Islands in Atlantic Ocean close to the Moroccian coast, and Ceuta and Melilla, located in northern Africa, are Spanish territory.

Spain is the 3rd country of Europe in extension and the 5th in population.

There are five big mountain ranges crossing the country, and about 50% of it are located at an elevated plain.

Landscapes are extremely varied, some almost desert-like, others green and fertile, and of course there are the long coasts, in the east along Mediterranean Sea from Pyrenees to Gibraltar, and in the west (the major part of the Iberian peninsula's western coast is occupied by Portugal) along the Atlantic Ocean and Cantabrian Sea.

In the cities, narrow twisting old streets suddenly open out to views of daring modern architecture, while spit-and-sawdust bars serving wine from the barrel rub shoulders with blaring, glaring discos.

Travel is easy, accommodation plentiful, the climate benign, the people relaxed, the beaches long and sandy, the food and drink easy to come by and full of regional variety.

Geographically, Spain's diversity is immense.

Culturally, the country is littered with superb old buildings, from Roman aqueducts and Islamic palaces to Gothic cathedrals.
The country vibrates with music of every kind —from the drama of flamenco to the melancholy lyricism of the Celtic music and gaitas (bagpipes) of the northwest.

Spanish food has a deservedly fantastic reputation, and tapas are probably one of the most civilised inventions since cold beer. Paella, gazpacho and chorizo may be familiar to most Western diners, but Spanish cuisine goes well beyond these, with a smorgasbord of rich stews, soups, beans, seafood and meats, all of which have been influential in Latin American cooking.

Full country name: Spain
Area: 505,000 sq km
Population: 42.7 million
Capital City: Madrid
Language: Spanish
Religion: 85% Roman Catholic; 2% Jewish; 2% Muslim
Government: parliamentary monarchy
Head of State: King Juan Carlos I
Head of Government: President José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
Currency: euro
Member of EU: Yes

Spain has some excellent mountain trails and river valleys that make for great outdoor adventure.

Golfing
Spain is probably one of europe's premier golfing destinations. With over 200 golf courses like the Costa del Sol and La Manga golf resorts and and ideal climate visitors love to build a tailored golfing holiday to Spain.

Fishing
There are many types of fishing, with great opportunities for making a catch. There are both private and pubic waters and some of the really good waters would need a permit. There's good freshwater fishing in the rivers and streams of the Pyrenees mountain region and the Picos de Europa. Brown and rainbow trout, black bass, pike and danube salmon are abundant throughout the country. Other fish include barbel, perch, pike and tench. Permits are required and can be obtained from the regional wildlife authorities.

Skiing
Spain has several great natural ski resorts that offer opportunities for skiing, snow boarding and other winter sports. The weather is great with sunny days, blue skies and plenty of snow. The best regions would include the central chain, cantabrian range, the iberian chain, the penibetic chain and the pyrenean mountains.

Spectator Sports
Soccer is the most popular sport in Spain, with world famous clubs in Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia. Fans throng to watch these match ups every sunday with international matches being hosted often. The main topic of conversation as you can expect is soccer. Other sports that draw in the crowds are horse racing, volleyball and motoracing.

Watersports
Spain has over 4000km of coastline with innumerable number of harbors and beaches. Most of the beach resorts in Spain have excellent facilities for water-skiing, windsurfing and other water sports
Beginning in the 9th century BC, Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Celts entered the Iberian Peninsula, followed by the Roman Republic, who arrived in the 2nd century BC. Spain's present language, religion, and laws stem from the Roman period. Conquered by the Visigoths in the 5th century AD and subsequently in 711 by Islamic North African Moors, modern Spain began to take form in the Reconquista, the efforts to drive out the Moors, which lasted until 1492. By 1512, the unification of present-day Spain was complete.

During the 16th century, Spain became the most powerful nation in Europe, due to the immense wealth derived from its presence in the Americas. But a series of long, costly wars and revolts began a steady decline of Spanish power in Europe. Controversy over succession to the throne consumed the country during the 18th century (see War of Spanish Succession), with an occupation by France during the Napoleonic era in the early 1800s, and led to a series of armed conflicts and revolts throughout much of the 19th century; a century that also saw the loss of most of Spain's colonies in the Americas, culminating in the Spanish-American War of 1898.

The 20th century initially brought little peace; a period of dictatorial rule (1923-1931) ended with the establishment of the Second Republic. Dominated by increasing political polarisation, combined with pressures from all sides, coupled with growing and unchecked violence, led to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936. Following the victory of his nationalist forces in 1939, General Francisco Franco ruled a nation exhausted politically and economically.

Nevertheless, in the 1960s and 1970s, Spain was gradually transformed into a modern industrial economy with a thriving tourism sector. Upon the death of General Franco in November 1975, his personally designated heir Prince Juan Carlos assumed the titles of king and head of state. He played a key role in guiding Spain further to a modern democratic state, notably in opposing an attempted coup d'etat in 1981.

Spain joined NATO in 1982 and became a member of the European Union in 1986
¡Próximamente!
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